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4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

Higher combined
4.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds
Atomic structure and the periodic table
Atoms (structure, isotopes, relative mass)
4.1.2 Mixtures
Chemical equations (word → symbol, balancing)
4.1.3 Chromatography
Mixtures, chromatography and separation
4.1.4 Development of the model of the atom
4.1.5 Isotopes
4.1.6 Electronic structure
4.1.7 The periodic table
4.1.8 Group 0
4.1.9 Group 1
4.1.10 Group 7
4.1.11 Transition metals
4.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds
4.1.2 Mixtures
4.1.3 Chromatography
4.1.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds
4.1.1.2 Mixtures
4.1.1.3 The development of the model of the atom (common content with physics)
4.1.1.4 Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles
4.1.1.5 Size and mass of atoms
4.1.1.6 Relative atomic mass
4.1.1.7 Electronic structure
4.1.2.1 The periodic table
4.1.2.2 Development of the periodic table
4.1.2.3 Metals and non-metals
4.1.2.4 Group 0
4.1.2.5 Group 1
4.1.2.6 Group 7
4.1.3.1 Comparison with Group 1 elements
4.1.3.2 Typical properties

4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

Higher combined
Bonding, structure and properties of matter
4.2.1 Ionic bonding
4.2.2 Covalent bonding
4.2.3 Metallic bonding
4.2.4 States of matter and changes of state
4.2.5 Structure and properties of materials
4.2.6 Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Ionic bonding
4.2.2 Covalent bonding
4.2.3 Metallic bonding
4.2.4 States of matter and changes of state
4.2.1.1 Chemical bonds
4.2.1.2 Ionic bonding
4.2.1.3 Ionic compounds
4.2.1.4 Covalent bonding
4.2.1.5 Metallic bonding
4.2.2.1 The three states of matter
4.2.2.2 State symbols
4.2.2.3 Properties of ionic compounds
4.2.2.4 Properties of small molecules
4.2.2.5 Polymers
4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures
4.2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys
4.2.2.8 Metals as conductors
4.2.3.1 Diamond
4.2.3.2 Graphite
4.2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes
4.2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties
4.2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles

4.3 Quantitative chemistry

Higher combined
Quantitative chemistry
4.3.1 Conservation of mass and balanced equations
4.3.2 Relative formula mass
4.3.3 The mole and moles calculations
4.3.4 Limiting reactants
4.3.5 Concentrations of solutions
4.3.6 Use of amount of substance in relation to gases
4.3.1 Conservation of mass and balanced equations
4.3.2 Relative formula mass
4.3.3 The mole and moles calculations
4.3.1.1 Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations
4.3.1.2 Relative formula mass
4.3.1.3 Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas
4.3.1.4 Chemical measurements
4.3.2.5 Concentration of solutions
4.3.3.1 Percentage yield
4.3.3.2 Atom economy
Triple only
4.3.2.1 Moles (HT only)
4.3.2.2 Amounts of substances in equations (HT only)
4.3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations (HT only)
4.3.2.4 Limiting reactants (HT only)

4.4 Chemical changes

Higher combined
Chemical changes
4.4.1 Reactivity series
4.4.2 Making salts
4.4.3 Electrolysis
4.4.1 Reactivity series
4.4.2 Making salts
4.4.3 Electrolysis
4.4.1.1 Metal oxides
4.4.1.2 The reactivity series
4.4.1.3 Extraction of metals and reduction
4.4.2.1 Reactions of acids with metals
4.4.2.2 Neutralisation of acids and salt production
4.4.2.3 Soluble salts
4.4.2.4 The pH scale and neutralisation
4.4.2.5 Titrations (chemistry only)
4.4.3.1 The process of electrolysis
4.4.3.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds
4.4.3.3 Using electrolysis to extract metals
4.4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
Triple only
4.4.1.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons (HT only)
4.4.2.6 Strong and weak acids (HT only)
4.4.3.5 Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations (HT only)

4.5 Energy changes

Higher combined
Energy changes
4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
4.5.2 Reaction profiles and activation energy
4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
4.5.2 Reaction profiles and activation energy
4.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions
4.5.1.2 Reaction profiles
4.5.2.1 Cells and batteries
4.5.2.2 Fuel cells
Triple only
4.5.3 Chemical cells and batteries
4.5.4 Fuel cells
4.5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)

Paper 1 — Required practicals

Higher combined
Required practicals (Paper 1)

4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change

Higher combined
Rates of reaction (overview)
Measuring rates (mass loss, gas volume, graphs)
Factors affecting rate (collision theory)
4.6.1 Rates of reaction
4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
4.6.1 Rates of reaction
4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
4.6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions
4.6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions
4.6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy
4.6.1.4 Catalysts
4.6.2.1 Reversible reactions
4.6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions
4.6.2.3 Equilibrium
Triple only
4.6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium (HT only)
4.6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration (HT only)
4.6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium (HT only)
4.6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium (HT only)

4.7 Organic chemistry

Higher combined
4.7.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkenes
4.7.2 Fractional distillation and fuels
4.7.3 Cracking and polymerisation
4.7.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkenes
4.7.2 Fractional distillation and fuels
4.7.3 Cracking and polymerisation
4.7.1.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes
4.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals
4.7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons
4.7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes
4.7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes
4.7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes
4.7.2.3 Alcohols
4.7.2.4 Carboxylic acids
4.7.3.1 Addition polymerisation
4.7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers
Triple only
4.7.4 Alcohols and carboxylic acids (Higher)
4.7.5 Chemical analysis of organic compounds (Higher)
4.7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation (HT only)
4.7.3.3 Amino acids (HT only)

4.8 Chemical analysis

Higher combined
4.8.1 Pure substances
4.8.2 Formulations
4.8.3 Chromatography
4.8.4 Identification of common gases
4.8.1 Pure substances
4.8.2 Formulations
4.8.3 Chromatography
4.8.1.1 Pure substances
4.8.1.2 Formulations
4.8.1.3 Chromatography
4.8.2.1 Test for hydrogen
4.8.2.2 Test for oxygen
4.8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide
4.8.2.4 Test for chlorine
4.8.3.1 Flame tests
4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides
4.8.3.3 Carbonates
4.8.3.4 Halides
4.8.3.5 Sulfates
4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods
4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy
Triple only
4.8.5 Identification of ions (Higher)
4.8.6 Instrumental methods (Higher)

4.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere

Higher combined
4.9.1 Composition and evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere
4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases
4.9.3 Global climate change
4.9.4 Atmospheric pollutants
4.9.1 Composition and evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere
4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases
4.9.3 Global climate change
4.9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere
4.9.1.2 The Earth's early atmosphere
4.9.1.3 How oxygen increased
4.9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased
4.9.2.1 Greenhouse gases
4.9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
4.9.2.3 Global climate change
4.9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction
4.9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels
4.9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants

4.10 Using resources

Higher combined
4.10.1 Using the Earth’s resources and obtaining potable water
4.10.2 Life cycle assessments and recycling
4.10.3 Corrosion and alloys
4.10.4 Ceramics, polymers and composites
4.10.5 The Haber process and NPK fertilisers
4.10.1 Using the Earth’s resources and obtaining potable water
4.10.2 Life cycle assessments and recycling
4.10.3 Corrosion and alloys
4.10.4 Ceramics, polymers and composites
4.10.1.1 Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development
4.10.1.2 Potable water
4.10.1.3 Waste water treatment
4.10.2.1 Life cycle assessment
4.10.2.2 Ways of reducing the use of resources
4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention
4.10.3.2 Alloys as useful materials
4.10.3.3 Ceramics, polymers and composites
4.10.4.1 The Haber process
4.10.4.2 Production and uses of NPK fertilisers
Triple only
4.10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only)

Paper 2 — Required practicals

Higher combined
Required practicals (Paper 2)